Trespassing along rail rights-of-way is the leading cause of rail-related deaths in America and in response, agencies utilize technology and design features to mitigate trespassing and accidents.
TriMet’s Safety Risk Assessment/Construction Safety Kurt Wilkinson said there are design features that can be looked at to mitigate trespassing along rights-of-way. While there is no “set package” in what should be deployed, he did mention he’s on a Transit Cooperative Research Panel that is charged with overseeing a consultant to conduct an industry-wide investigation with the features and see how people are deploying them to guide agencies to be more standardized.
As for how things are handled at TriMet, he said, “We consider several things along the alignment to understand what we really need to put in place.” He continued, “We look at sightlines of the operating environment and the pedestrian or traffic that we anticipate and put those all into an overall package to see what we actually need to deploy at the site to make it as safe as possible.”
They have developed design criteria and have a table of mitigations and measures and utilize that so as the restrictions in sight lines or other issues along the ROW increase, they deploy the additional needed measures. Some of the factors that play into the selection process include type of intrusion anticipated, type of operating environment, the speed of the train, the sightlines, operating rules and procedures, and the previous trespassing history of the area.
In some instances, they move from a more passive-type system to more active measures. The passive systems may include barriers, channelization, lighting, signage and crossings, while the active measures they utilize include intrusion detection and video analytics.
Wilkinson said it’s important to look at each crossing individually because there are always different characteristics. “They may look similar, in a similar environment, but there may be issues angles or geometry of the crossing compared to the sidewalks, so we really look at them as on an individual basis.”
Mary Fetsch, media relations with TriMet, added, “The crews go out and actually walk the alignment to look at what is around each alignment.” Wilkinson said, “We go back and reinvestigate all the time to see what else we can do to the existing system and that under construction.
“We have one major project under construction now and another in design so there is a lot of focus on these crossings from the design effort standpoint and we usually say “over-engineered,” but we put extra conduit and other things in place so if we think we have to come back and add active warning to a place where we didn’t originally or have to install some type of channelization or barriers, … everything is there. We make sure that we do have the option to add some additional treatments if necessary.”
The Latest in Surveillance
TriMet is working on an extension, the Portland-Milwaukie Light Rail Project and they are going to be using video analytics and intrusion detection said Wilkinson.
Artifical intelligence learns about typical patterns of behavior and then looks for exceptions. Exceptions can include things such as somebody jumping off a platform onto the tracks, an object is thrown on the tracks, a fight breaks out on a platform, or there’s some other type of violent interaction or struggle. BRS Labs Vice President of Strategic Accounts Hobby Wright said, “There can be hundreds of thousands of people milling around on those platforms every day, standing still, pacing around, talking on cell phones, normal behaviors that we’ve learned are normal and we’re not alerting on that but only when these extreme instances happen that affect both safety and security.”
Wilkinson said they haven’t selected the equipment yet because it changes so frequently. “We knew we wanted it about a year ago but we were told by our experts to just hold off and wait because it keeps getting better.”
“We’re making a lot of headway in the transit space because they have a lot of cameras which create a big problem with a lot of data that they don’t have the human resources to put eyes on all of them but that we bring those exceptions to the top so that they can intervene and respond when something highly unusual or dangerous happens,” said Wright.
With the learning process of video analytics, the system observes everything that happens in the camera and like the human brain, the path of the memory of what is occurring. It builds a model of behavior and everything that it witnesses such as the environmental changes like sunrises, shadow casting, birds flying, or wind blowing trees. It also learns the people behavior patterns of pedestrian traffic, the normal trajectories they take, and the rate of travel and vehicular patterns, which include the speed and trajectory of the train and any other types of vehicles in the sight.
Critical Solutions International Project Engineering Manager Michael Williams talked about how they set up live alarms for video analytics and how it can be used for rapid historical searching. While certain things can trigger alarms, archive video data can be searched for categorized data.
Wright stated that there have been people driving cars on the track when they’re not allowed to be there. “It’s a very dangerous thing so we’ll learn … it’s normal for trains at the time but we’ve never seen a vehicle like this in this area, it’s unusual or an anomaly and we’ll generate an alert on that.”
And TriMet has had experience with that type of intrusion. Wilkinson said, “We’ve had a couple of intrusions … with vehicles down our alignment off of service streets where we actually put big concrete blocks.” They’re on top of the existing ties and make a large speed bump so as people hit the barriers, it stops the cars before they get too deep into the line where it’s very difficult to get them out.
“It’s pretty substantial if you run into them; it’s going to stop your car and possibly disable it,” explained Wilkinson.
He said of one instance, the car made it from 16th Avenue all the way up to 42nd Avenue and by that point, it was very difficult to get them out of the alignment. It required having a contractor go in there with a crane to get the car up and out.
When TriMet went back to install the barricades in the ties they put them right off the streets so before a car can get down in the alignment, the car is stopped early enough and they can go in with a regular tow truck to pull it out. Fetsch added, “We’re also saving on maintenance and repairs on the track.”
System Set Up
The time it takes to set up a system up and getting it operating depends on a variety of factors Williams said. “If we have a typical subway station that may have 20 to 30 cameras on it, you probably don’t want to set up alarms on all 30 cameras.
“If you want to that’s fine, but usually you can cover most of your area with a few cameras with the alarm.” He also said it does take some time to calibrate the system to ensure there are as few false positives as possible.
Wright said a general guideline is about two weeks for getting a base-level understanding a enough of a model created to alert, though he added, the system is continuously learning and is constantly adding to the modeling.
Effective Analytics
Wright said the term “false positives” is thrown around some and in reality, everything alerted is in fact a visual anomaly, but it’s a matter of whether those anomalies are truly valuable to the customer.
Williams mentioned some of the changes that naturally can occur that will create initial anomalies, such as a change in surroundings that creates new shadows, and those are things they research and find ways to continually improve.
“Sometimes people are afraid of the analytics,” said Williams. They think it’s maybe trying to replace the human side so some people are worried about their jobs.
“We certainly don’t want to replace anyone, but the idea is that the person there, they become more efficient.”
“Generally the transit agency that we’re working with have a lot of cameras,” Wright said. “You’re talking hundreds or thousands of cameras.” Often the agencies are getting grants to install the cameras. “If you go get millions of dollars to put out hundreds or thousands of cameras and you don’t have a plan to manage video, view the video or make use of it, then you may not get the grants to install the camera.”
He stressed, “The key is — and needs to be — technology that doesn’t create more problems than it solves.”
